Revolutionizing Research In Cognitive Science Using Smartphones

• Revolutionizing Research In Cognitive Science Using Smartphones

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  Smartphones may be the new hot tool in cognitive psychology research, according to a paper in the online journal PLoS ONE. Cognitive psychology, which explores how people perceive, think, remember, and more, often relies on testing volunteers that come to a research facility to participate in behavioral experiments. This data collection method generally results in relatively small, homogeneous group of test subjects, which can bias the results and limit the extent to which researchers can interpret their data...

Gauging Autistic Intelligence: Asperger Syndrome

• Gauging Autistic Intelligence: Asperger Syndrome

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  Autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome, have generally been associated with uneven intellectual profiles and impairment, but according to a new study of Asperger individuals published in the online journal PLoS ONE, this may not be the case - as long as intelligence is evaluated by the right test. Both autistic and Asperger individuals display uneven profiles of performance in commonly used intelligence test batteries such as Wechsler scales, and their strongest performances are often considered evidence for deficits...

EMRC Publishes New White Paper Assessing The Current Status Of Biomedical Research In Europe In A Global Context

• EMRC Publishes New White Paper Assessing The Current Status Of Biomedical Research In Europe In A Global Context

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  European biomedical research is advancing at a great pace compared to the relatively small funds available, and with more funding, it could do better. This is one of the main conclusions from a new White Paper, published by the European Medical Research Councils (EMRC) - the European Science Foundation's membership organisation for all medical research councils in Europe...

Improved Collection Of Prostate Cancer Cells Promised By New UC Research

• Improved Collection Of Prostate Cancer Cells Promised By New UC Research

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  At the Oct. 2-6 microTAS 2011 conference, the premier international event for reporting research in microfluidics, nanotechnology and detection technologies for life science and chemistry, University of Cincinnati researchers will present a simple, low-cost, method for separating and safely collecting concentrated volumes of fragile prostate cancer cells...

Pump Action Shut Down To Break Breast Cancer Cells' Drug Resistance

• Pump Action Shut Down To Break Breast Cancer Cells' Drug Resistance

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  Breast cancer cells that mutate to resist drug treatment survive by establishing tiny pumps on their surface that reject the drugs as they penetrate the cell membrane - making the cancer insensitive to chemotherapy drugs even after repeated use. Researchers have found a new way to break that resistance and shut off the pumps by genetically altering those breast cancer cells to forcibly activate a heat-shock protein called Hsp27. This protein regulates several others, including the protein that sets up the pumps that turn away the chemotherapeutics...

HPV Vaccine Less Likely To Be Recommend By Pediatricians In Appalachia

• HPV Vaccine Less Likely To Be Recommend By Pediatricians In Appalachia

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  Pediatricians in Appalachia are less likely than doctors in other areas to encourage parents to have their children receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, according to a new study. The results are alarming because HPV infection is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer - and studies show that Appalachian women are more likely to get cervical cancer and to die from it than women living elsewhere...

Development Of Self-Cleaning Cotton Which Breaks Down Pesticides, Bacteria

• Development Of Self-Cleaning Cotton Which Breaks Down Pesticides, Bacteria

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  UC Davis scientists have developed a self-cleaning cotton fabric that can kill bacteria and break down toxic chemicals such as pesticide residues when exposed to light. "The new fabric has potential applications in biological and chemical protective clothing for health care, food processing and farmworkers, as well as military personnel," said Ning Liu, who conducted the work as a doctoral student in Professor Gang Sun's group in the UC Davis Division of Textiles of Clothing. A paper describing the work was published in the Journal of Materials Chemistry

Tobacco Industry Knew But Kept Quiet About Cancer Risk From Radioactive Particles In Cigarettes Say US Researchers

• Tobacco Industry Knew But Kept Quiet About Cancer Risk From Radioactive Particles In Cigarettes Say US Researchers

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 02:00:00 PDT

  UCLA researchers who analyzed dozens of previously unexamined internal documents from the tobacco industry say tobacco companies developed "deep and intimate" knowledge about the cancer-causing potential of radioactive alpha particles in cigarette smoke but deliberately kept it from the public for more than four decades. The researchers wrote a paper about their findings that was published online on 27 September in the peer-reviewed journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research...

Blood Pressure Slightly Above Normal Also Raises Stroke Risk

• Blood Pressure Slightly Above Normal Also Raises Stroke Risk

  Posted: Thu, 29 Sep 2011 03:00:00 PDT

  People with prehypertension, where blood pressure is at the high end of normal, have a 55% higher risk of having a stroke than people without prehypertension, according to a new study published online this week in the journal Neurology. Researchers from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine arrived at this finding after pooling data from studies involving over 518,000 participants...

Geophysical methods

Geophysical methods

Passive:
Method using the natural fields of the Earth, e.g. gravity
and magnetic

Active:
Method that requires the input of artificially generated
energy, e.g. seismic reflection

The objective of geophysics
is to locate or detect the presence of subsurface
structures or bodies and determine their size, shape,
depth, and physical properties (density, velocity,
porosity…) + fluid content

THERMAL EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND PETROLEUM GENERATION

THERMAL EVOLUTION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND PETROLEUM GENERATION

As sedimentary organic matter is buried, it experiences progressively higher temperatures and pressures. Although most bacterial decomposition occurs quickly, in the upper meter or so, it may continue at a much slower pace almost indefinitely.

Indeed, bacteria have been found in subsurface rock at temperatures of up to 75ºC and depths of nearly 3 km.

As bacterial activity ceases, a number of new reactions begin as the organic matter attempts to come to equilibrium with higher temperature and pressures. These reactions, in which kerogen breaks down into a variety of hydrocarbons and a refractory residue, are collectively called catagenesis. As temperatures in the range of 100 to 150ºC are reached, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, petroleum, is produced, along with less amounts of other bitumens, asphaltenes and resins. Collectively, this bitumen fraction is called oil or crude oil and is, of course, of great economic interest.

At temperatures above 150-175ºC, methane and graphite are the ultimate products, created in a process called metagenesis.

HYDROCARBON

HYDROCARBON

The hydrocarbon fraction consists of both aliphatic and aromatic components. The aliphatic component can further be divided into acyclic alkanes, referred to as paraffins, and cyclic alkanes, referred to as naphthenes. The lightest hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, are gases at room temperature and pressure; heavier hydrocarbons are liquids whose viscosity increases with the number of carbons.

The term oil refers to the liquid bitumen fraction.
Pyrobitumens are materials that are not soluble in CS2 but break down upon heating (pyrolysis) into soluble components.

Gulf of Suez

GOS in Egypt is the northwestern arm of Red Sea

It is rift basin that started to form in the Oligocene due to- extension between Arabian plate and North Africa

The oldest rift deposits are red beds of fluvial sandstone and- mudstone that lies unconformable on pre-rift Eocene limestone strata

-Basaltic dykes and sills and lava amongst these red beds indicate that a small amount of igneous activity occurred during the initial rifting phase

Flooding of rift basin in early Miocene times is indicated by- shallow marine facies that directly overlie the red beds

Clastic detritus eroded from the flanks of the rift supplied coarse debris to fan delta along the margins of the basin and sand to tide-influenced shore face environment. In shallow marine areas protected from Clastic input carbonate reefs formed and in deeper central part of the basin mud and turbidite sands accumulated. Widespread late Miocene evaporates beds indicate that the restriction of the connection to the marine water of the Mediterranean occurred at this time

-The gulf of sues is no longer actively extending because the movement between African and Arabian plates is now taken up along the Gulf of Aqaba on the eastern side of the Sinai Peninsula

Specific Traumatic Ulcer of the Sole ( Rosterholz Ulcer)

Specific Traumatic Ulcer of the Sole

( Rosterholz Ulcer)

• Affect mainly foreign breeds ( frezian & Holstein)

• Affect mainly hind limb

• Mainly affect lateral claw &  rarely median claw

• Ulcer mainly present in the posterior part of claw closed to the inner border of the claw (near digital space).

Causes:

1.Heavy weighted animals specially those kept on hard ground.

2.over growth of the claw ,animal bear weight on heal ,this affection mainly affect animals in side farm (not grazing)

3.complication of picked up nail or penetration.

4.interdigital vegetative dermatitis lead to tumor fill all interdigital space.

5.congenital & Acquired dermatitis of claw ,Animal bear weight on heal.

Clinical symptoms

1.ulcer in heel &animal bear weight on toe.

2.Lamness –  vary from moderate to dead degree & animal in sever cases can't rise leg

3.local symptoms upon rise leg as:

      - inflamed circumscribed  area have no horny material .

      - ulcer discharging pus.

      - In some cases the ulcer covered with hyper granulation tissue.

4.   More complicated cases :

      - Necrosis of deep flexor tendon

      - Necrosis of third phalanx .

      - Fracture of third phalanx.

      - Hyper extension of pedal joint.

Treatment

1.Remove of necrosed  tissue of sensitive & horny material.

2.thoroughly wash claw with antiseptic solution.

3.Local antibiotic dressing as streptopencid, sulphanilamide.

4.In case of bleeding use astringent.

5.Apply claw bandage.

6.If no pus Change bandage every 3-4 days for a week ,But if pus is found. change every day.

7.Cod liver oil to increase healing.

8.Apply wooden claw (wooden shoe) .

 

Foot Rot (Panarathium)

Foot Rot

(Panarathium)

(infectious pododermatitis) 

Definition:

• Infection in claw (mainly lateral claw of hind limb & rare in forelimb) & it's enzootic disease.

• Characterized by inflammation of proximal area of claw & surrounding tissue  & may be complicated with phlegmon,necrosis & fistulae.

  

Causes:

1.Predisposing causes:

Wounds or cracks in claw due to :

1.Complication of FMD

2.Long standing of animal in wet bedding area

3.Walking of animal in stony roads

 

 

2. exciting causes:

•spherophrous necropherous (main cause)

•anaerobic streptococcus.

•Coryne bacterium.

 

Clinical signs:

• Depend on degree of affections & types of foot rot:

1.Affect interdigital space – animal beat weight on heels.

2.Lamness varying from moderate to dead degree

3.Bad condition of animal

•Off food

•Decrease milk yield

•Rise in body temperature

•Increase pulsation& respiration rate.

•Recumbency in some cases

4.Local symptoms

•Cutenous form:

 Ulcers or dermatitis or fibroma at interdigital space with signs of inflammation (hot, swelling & painful)

•S/C form:

Phlegmon above coronet & interdigital space discharging yellowish watery exudates through skin.

  

• Tendenous form:

Necrosis of deep flexor tendon – cutting & hyperextension of pedal joint.

•Articular form :

Septic podoarthritis – characterized by purulent fistula at the coronet discharging pus.

• Osseous form:

Ostitis & osteoperiostitis of hoof joint characterized by multiple abscess or False fistula.

 

Treatment:

1.First Form (cutanous)

Treat Cutanous ulcer through :

•Wash by antiseptic.

•.Cauterization

•Antiseptic.

•Dressing by antibiotic sulpha.

•Apply claw bandage then medical tar.

Surgical removal of fibroma.

2.  Second form (S/C form):

•Apply ictyol or hot fomentation.

•Incision to evacuate pus or exudates.

•Local apply of antiseptic solution then powder

•Bandage &medical tar.

& if No infection use:

•Cod liver oil

•Antibiotic (sulpha , tylosin , massive dose of streptomycin )

 

3.Third Form (osseous ,tendenous & articular )

•    Amputation of claw ,& following technique can be used :

•

1.Anesthesia (general or regional).

2. shaving & clipping & disinfection.

3. legation above target area.

4. make circular incision above coronet ( between skin & horny material )

5. lateral incision of claw affected (longitudinal perpendicular to the circular ).

6. Medial incision .

7. Appear 2 flaps ( dorsal & palmer ).

8. by needle enter in pastern joint & above it cut between 1st & 2nd phalanges .

9. Massive legation by chromic catgut.

10. suture the skin & covering 1st phalanges.

11. Application of claw bandage

Interdigital Vegetative Dermatitis

Interdigital Vegetative Dermatitis

( fibroma or tumor like structure )

Definition :

• It's proliferation or hyperplasia of skin, S/c at inter digital space.

• Mainly affect hind limb

Causes:

    Chronic inflammation of skin at inter digital space- thickening of skin & fibroma or tumor like structure.

Clinical symptoms:

1- animal bear weight on heal.

2- persistence of lamness

3- hyperplasia or thickening of interdigital space

4- in some cases there is fibroma or tumor like structure vary in size & may reach to fill interdigital space.

5- ulceration & necrosis of fibroma in interdigital space.

 

Treatment

 Surgical removal of fibroma :

1.If have neck exision & suture skin

2.If no neck :

•  cauterization or astringent as cuso4 crystals ,
   silver nitrate stick

•  Dressing with antiseptic solution.

•  Dressing with antibiotic

•  Apply claw bandage

•  Smearing of bandage with medical tar.

Classification of Lamness and its Treatment

Classification of Lamness Acc. To Its Degree

•Mild

•Moderate.

•Sever

•Dead

General treatment of lamness

1.Medical Treatment

•Anti-inflamatory:

»Steroids

→ Dexamethazone.

» Non-steroidal

→ Flunoxin Meglomide

                                → Phenyl Butazone

                                → Acetyl Salicylate

•Antibiotic

•Antiseptic

•Counter Irritant

»Silver nitrate

» Ictyol

» Iondine ointement.

2. Surgical treatment

• Shoeing

• Amputation

• Bandage

Claw Affection In Dairy Cattle

Claw Affection
In Dairy Cattle

Economics

Lamness is the third most significant cause of economic loss after infertility and mastitis in dairy herds.

Lame cows lose farmers money through :

• The cost of replacment following culling of a sever case with reduced carcass value.

• Infertility resulting from prolonged calving to conception interval.
•
•Reduced milk yeild.

•  Withdrawal ofAntibiotic contaminated milk.

•  Veterinary cost & staff team.

•  The lame dairy cow has an increased risk of infertility of various causes.

•  Labor cost.

Major problems of Lameness
Adults
Ι-Horney tissues (85%)
1.Sole Ulcer ( Rusterholz Ulcer )
2.White line disease
3.Claw overgrowth
4.Sub clinical Laminitis
5.Heal erosions
6.Cracks
7.Corn
8.Picked up nail
9.Chronic Laminitis
10.Thimbling

Π -cutenous Tissues

1. Digital Dermatitis.
2.Interdigital Injuries
3.Inetrdigital vegetative dermatitis.
4.Foot Rot.
5.

 

QATTARA DEPRESSION

It is one of the deepest and largest depressions in the Sahara of North Africa.

The depression is bounded by cliffs along its northern and western borders. Coincidence of such borders with deep seated major structural elements may suggest tectonic control on its origin.
It is commonly believed that the origin of the depression is due to mass wasting, “aeolian erosion”.

The present author believes that the origin is due to accelerated by thermal contraction during the Cenozoic. The depression was the center of depocenter of several ancient deltas; e.g. the mid Jurassic Khatatba, early Cretaceous Kharita and mid Cretaceous deltas.
The above mentioned concept is important for the petroleum geologists in their construction of the burial history of the sediments. They have to differentiate between the present day geothermal gradients and the past heat flow history.

The depression is covering an area of about 19,500 square kilometers. Its maximum length and width are 300 and 145 km respectively. Its lowest point is 134 m below the sea level near its western end.

Marshes are a common coverage for the floor of the depression creating difficulties in mobilization of heavy equibments.

Macroscopic anatomy of the ear

Summary:

This unit reviews the external ear and associated structures which are relevant to the small animal veterinarian.

Rationale:

While relatively limited in number, the relevant structures associated with the ear are important because of procedures associated with draining the external auditory meatus.

Objectives:

Upon completion of this unit you should be able to locate and describe the following structures:

auricular cartilage, tragus, antitragus, intertragic incisure, pretragic incisure, annular cartilage.

Notes:

I.          Auricular cartilage

A.        Helix - folded medial and lateral margin of the auricular cartilage

B.         Antehelix - transverse ridge on the internal, concave wall of the helix

C.        Tragus - the initial part of the ear canal formed by a thick, quadrangular plate of auricular cartilage

D.        Antitragus - completes the lateral border of the ear canal

E.         Intertragic incisure - separates the tragus from the antitragus

F.         Pretragic incisure - separation between the medial and lateral crura

G.        Medial and lateral crura - two curved portions of cartilage that form the medial border of the ear canal

II.         Annular cartilage - band of cartilage that overlaps the bony projection of the meatus and sits between the meatus and the auricular cartilage

Resources:

Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Dyce, Sack, and Wensing, 3rd ed. Saunders, 2002. Pp. 336-337.

Guide to the Dissection of the Dog, Evans and deLahunta, 6th ed. Saunders, 2004. Pp. 284-285.

Macroscopic anatomy of the eye

Notes:

I.          Eyelids and associated structures

A. Palpebrae

1.       Superior and Inferior palpebrae - eyelids proper

2.       Palpebral fissure - opening between the upper and lower lids

3.       Medial and lateral palpebral commisures - “corners” of the eye

4.       Medial and lateral palpebral ligament - attaches commisures to the adjacent bone

a.            Medial palpebral ligament is much more firmly attached than lateral one

                        5.         Orbital ligament – fibrous connective tissue forming the lateral border of the orbit

B. Conjunctiva - mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering parts of the sclera

1.       Palpebral conjunctiva- Special mucous membrane lining the eyelids

2.       Bulbar conjunctiva - special mucous membrane covering the globe of the eye

3.       Fornix - point of reflection of the palpebral to bulbar conjuctiva

4.       Conjunctival sac - space between the lid and the globe

C. Lacrimal gland and associated structures

1.       Lacrimal gland - located deep to the periorbita on the dorsolateral aspect of the eyeball

a.            Usually located beneath the orbital ligament in canine

2.       Lacrimal caruncle - small triangular fleshy elevation at the medial commisure

a.            Small and insignificant in dogs

b.            Protrudes in equine

c.            Just deep to medial commisure in bovine

3.       Lacrimal puncta - tiny openings located 2-5 mm from the medial commisure on each eyelid

4.       Lacrimal duct  run medially parallel to the lid margins then enter the lacrimal sac

5.       Lacrimal sac - located ventromedial to the medial commisure

a.            The dilated origin of the nasolacrimal duct

6.       Nasolacrimal duct - drains into the rostral nasal cavity near the nostril

D.    Third eyelid - a fold of conjunctiva reinforced by a t-shaped cartilage plate located between the medial commisure and the globe of the eye

1.       The third eyelid is usually hidden within the orbit, but it is large enough to cover the cornea

a.            Superficial gland of the third eyelid - surrounds the base of the T-shaped cartilage plate

i.      An accessory lacrimal gland

ii.     Prolapse of the base of the gland produces “cherry eye”

iii.    A deeper gland is also present in bovine

E.  Muscles of the eyelid

1.    Obicularis oculi - surrounds the eye and closes it

a.     Innervated by the facial nerve (VII)

2.    Retractor anguli oculi - covers the lateral palpebral ligament and helps close the lateral commisure

3.    Levator palpebrae superioris - elevates the upper eyelid and is not attached to the globe

a.     Innervated by the oculomotor nerve (III)

II.        Eye and associated structures

A.    Orbit - conical cavity containing the eyeball and ocular adnexa

B.    Ocular adnexa - all the structures surrounding and pertaining to the eyeball

C.    Periorbita - a cone-shaped sheath of connective tissue that encloses the eyeball and its muscles, vessels, and nerves

D. Extrinsic muscles of the eyeball

1.       Two obliques- rotate the globe around the optic axis

a.     Dorsal oblique - bends around a cartilage plate, the trochlea, before inserting on the eyeball beneath the tendon of the dorsal rectus

i       Rotates the dorsal surface of the eyeball medially

ii.     Innervated by the trochlear nerve (IV)

b.    Ventral oblique - Originates from the pterygopalatine fossa

i.      rotates the ventral surface of the eyeball medially

ii.     Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve (III)

2.    Four rectus muscles –insert around the equator of the eyeball

a.     Dorsal rectus

i.      Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve (III)

b.    Ventral rectus

i.      Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve (III)

c.     Medial rectus

i.      Innervated by the Oculomotor nerve (III)

d.    Lateral rectus

i.      Innervated by the Abducens nerve (VI)

3.    One retractor bulbi (four fascicles)

a.     Retractor bulbi - four small fascicles arranged in a cone around the optic nerve.

i.      Withdraws the eyeball into the orbit

ii.     Innervated by the abducens nerve (VI)

E.  Bulbous oculi (Eyeball)

1.    External fibrous coat - most superficial layer of the eyeball proper, except where it is covered by conjunctiva.  The only complete tunic

a.     Cornea - Anterior one fourth of the fibrous coat

i.      Covers the iris and the anterior chamber

ii.     Smaller radius than sclera

iii.    Normally transparent and avascular

iv.    Richly innervated

v.     Refracts incoming light rays

b.    Sclera - Posterior three fourths of the fibrous coat

i.      Opaque

ii.     Rich in elastic fibers

iii.    Maintains the shape of the eyeball

iv.    Cribriform area posteriorly allows passage of the optic nerve fibers from the retina

c.     Limbus  (corneoscleral junction) - area where anterior corneal epithelium is continuous with the bulbar conjuctiva

2.    Middle vascular coat (uvea) - thick middle layer of the eyeball between retina and sclera

a.     Contains blood vessels and smooth muscle

b.    Nourishes globe

c.     Controls shape of the lens and size of the pupil

i.      Iris - most anterior part of the vascular coat. Colored part of the eye

1.    Pupil - central opening in the iris

a.     Two layers of smooth muscle in the iris (pupillary sphincter, pupillary dilator) act to change the size of the pupil

b.    In the horse, both the upper and lower margins of the pupil (most evident on the upper margin) have an irregular excrescence (granula iridis) which has been interpreted as “shades” to limit the entry of light

ii.     Choroid - thin dark-pigmented membrane inside sclera which lines the posterior portion of the eyeball

1.    Orra serrata - junction of the choroid and the ciliary body

a.     Seen as an undulating line in the overlying retina

2.    Tapetum lucidum - avascular light-reflective layer of choroids superior to the optic disc

a.     Causes eyeshine in headlights, etc.

b.    Reflects low levels of light to improve night vision

iii.    Ciliary body - thickest part of the vascular coat, between choroids and iris

1.    Thick circular mound at the level of the limbus

a.     Ciliary processes - radially arranged folds on the inner surface of the ciliary body

i.      Epithelium secretes aqueous humor

3.    Internal coat (retina) - deepest layer of the eyeball which functions in image formation and light management

a.     Retina

i.      Pars optica retinae - visual portion

1.    Sensitive to light rays

2.    Lines the caudal part of the eye (fundus), ending at the ora serrata

ii.     Pars ciliaris retinae  Epithelium covering the ciliary body

1.    Nonvisual

2.    Produces aqueous humor

iii.    Pars iridica retinae - epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris

1.    Nonvisual

iv.    Dilator pupillae - myoepithelial cells lining the retina

v.     Optic disc - area where axons from the retina leave the eye as the optic nerve

1.    No rods or cones present

2.    May be in the tapetum lucidum or the tapetum nigrum ventral to it

vi.    Fundus of the eyeball - the posterior portion of the eyeball which includes the area of the optic disc, tapetum lucidum, and adjacent nontapetal nigrum

4.    Lens and associated structures

a.     Lens - solid, but elastic enough to change shape

i.      Transparent

ii.     Biconvex

iii.    Caudal to the iris

iv.    Cataracts are opacities of the lens

b.    Zonule - separates the posterior chamber from the vitreous body

i.      Zonular fibers - suspensory ligaments which extend from the pars ciliaris retinae and attach the lens to the ciliary body

c.     Vitreous body - fills the vitreous body

d.    Vitreous chamber - posterior to the lens

i.      60% of the volume of the eyeball

ii.     contains jelly-like vitreous humor which helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and holds the retina in place

e.     Aqueous humor - fills the space between the cornea and the lens

f.     Anterior chamber - between the cornea and the iris or pupil

i.      Contains aqueous humor

ii.     Deep in cats

g.     Posterior chamber - narrow, located between the posterior surface of the iris and the lens

i.      Contains aqueous humor

h.     Iridocorneal angle - trabecular meshwork through which aqueous humor drains

i.      Venous scleral sinus - the place where aqueous humor enters the venous system

j.     Pectinate ligaments - meshwork of fibers which traverse the iridocorneal angle